The fabrication of laser-induced graphene on nomex paper: Effects of process parameters and flexible wearable applications

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is widely employed in the fabrication of eco-friendly flexible electronics because its solvent-free process can support sustainable manufacturing and reduce material waste. Nomex paper is an ideal substrate for LIG production and flexible electronics employment due to its high durability, robust mechanical strength and thermal stability. However, improper processing parameters can result in failure issues including material breakage, bulging, and diminished electrical conductivity. To address these, this study starts with a theoretical reference of the graphitization threshold during LIG production. Based on the calculations, systematic experimental trials were then performed to explore the effects of laser power and scanning speed in terms of morphology and material behaviours of LIG. The effects of laser scanning path strategies were also investigated in terms of electrical, thermal, and mechanical performance. Based on the above, a paper-based LIG sensor was produced and integrated with fracture correction tools for simultaneous temperature and swelling monitoring. Tests proved the superior performances of the sensor in terms of surface morphology, conductivity, defect levels, and mechanical stability. The findings not only illustrate the potential of Nomex paper-based LIGs in flexible electronic devices but also provide practical references for future studies of LIG-based sensor.