Review on technologies for the development of effective and practical chromate removal from wastewaters

Water pollution by chromate contamination is a serious problem. Similarly, highly oxidative oxo-anionic chromate elimination from wastewater is a critical task due to the complexity of the real water matrix. In literature, diversities of chromate removal techniques have been illustrated for highly efficient chromate removal from wastewater. Previously there were many reviews focused on chromate removal methods. Although a critical illustration for the comprehensive chromate treatment system while considering the co-existing contaminants is seriously lacking. The aim of the review is to provide a broad knowledge to design a comprehensive system to effectively remove chromium species from the environment, to support field-associated researchers to propose the active functional materials or add substances for the significant chromate elimination system in a cost-effective way for practical applications. This review broadly elucidated the various chromate elimination technologies based on separate or combined applications. Also, methodical discussions were made for practical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in the real water matrixes. Furthermore, a pivotal conceptual scheme was presented to treat chromate-containing wastewater while considering its coexisting components. To conclude, further studies need to be handled to effectively remove chromate from solid waste.