Do futures improve genetically trained high-frequency technical trading rules for the Chinese index ETF market?[Formula presented]

Using the evolutionary genetic program (GP) to search for optimal technical trading rules (TTRs) in high-frequency Chinese index exchange traded funds (ETFs), we investigate whether profit-taking opportunities can improve through index arbitrage. Our results show that with information spillover from index futures, consistent improvements in both the market timing and out-of-sample profitability of ETF TTRs are obtained, which are particularly pronounced for small-cap markets and TTRs trained using lower transaction costs. The additional information externality that futures provide, however, appears to have been eroded by lower futures liquidity levels and regulatory trading restrictions in effect since 2015.