Celtis genus (Cannabaceae): A comprehensive review of the ethnomedicinal use, food value, phytochemistry, biological activities, valuable compounds, and insight into mechanisms of action

The genus Celtis, which is currently placed in the Cannabaceae family, comprises approximately 70 species that are predominantly found in mild temperate parts of the northern Hemisphere, as well as certain areas of South America, North and Central Africa. These plants are utilized not just as nutrients and food supplements, but also as remedies to manage different ailments. This review aims to provide an update on the biodiversity and updated taxonomy of this genus. It aims to highlight the traditional uses of Celtis spp., as well as the biological activities of its extracts and bioactive compounds, covering antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, gastroprotective, and wound healing activities. Scientific findings on Celtis spp. unanimously endorse the utilization of this genus in the medical field, offering novel therapeutic options. The review also highlights the nutritional values of different parts, the main phytochemicals found in Celtis spp. extracts, and their biological capacities. The presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, ceramides, cerebrosides, tannins, phenolic amides, phenolics, protein, fiber, fatty acids, carbohydrates, and mineral components, along with some substances unique to this genus was documented. Information on some mechanisms responsible for the pharmacological effects and molecular targets of various extracts and pure phytochemicals is also provided. Celtis spp. have demonstrated their efficacy in modern in vitro and in vivo investigations, confirming their wide traditional use. These findings offer valuable insights for future research on developing Celtis-based drugs. Nevertheless, further research should focus on conducting pharmacological investigations to discover novel mechanisms of action of Celtis spp., investigate their pharmacokinetics, develop innovative pharmaceutical formulations from these plants for targeted delivery, and explore their potential interactions with allopathic medications.