Metabolic Syndrome and Socioeconomic Status in Association with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study in Ningbo, China

Shichun Huang, Xuejie Yao, Xueqin Chen, Xiuli Chen, Yanxia Li, Yashpal Kanwar, Faith Ka Shun Chan, Ping Ye, Ming Zhan

Research output: Journal PublicationArticlepeer-review

Abstract

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) and low socioeconomic status (SES) may increase the risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MS and CKD and the association between MS, SES, and CKD among adults in Ningbo, a city in Eastern China. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 3212 adults was conducted between July 2019 and February 2021 in Ningbo. MS was defined as the presence of three or more risk factors: elevated blood pressure, reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, elevated plasma glucose, and abdominal obesity. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or the occurrence of albuminuria. SES was stratified according to personal education and income levels. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the relationships among MS, sociodemographic factors, and CKD. Results: The age-and sex-adjusted prevalence of CKD was 9.1% (95% CI: 8.3–10.0), the prevalence of eGFR less than 60 mL/min/ per 1·73 m² was 2.5% (95% CI 2.0–3.0) and that of albuminuria was 7.9% (95% CI 7.0–8.7), and the adjusted prevalence of MS was 23.1% (95% CI 21.7–24.4). MS components, including elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting glucose, abdominal obesity, elevated serum triglyceride, or reduced serum HDL-C, were independent risk factors for CKD, and the adjusted prevalence of CKD proportionally increased with the number of MS-defined parameters. Participants with MS had 2.43-fold increased odds of developing CKD compared with those without MS. In addition, age, female sex, low SES including low educational level and low income were associated with increased odds of occurrence of albuminuria and CKD. Conclusion: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease is high among adults in Ningbo. Metabolic syndrome and low socioeconomic status are associated with the high risk of developing chronic kidney disease.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)3891-3901
Number of pages11
JournalDiabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy
Volume17
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2024

Keywords

  • chronic kidney disease
  • metabolic syndrome
  • prevalence
  • risk factors
  • socioeconomic status

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Internal Medicine
  • Pharmacology

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