TY - JOUR
T1 - Metabolic Syndrome and Socioeconomic Status in Association with Chronic Kidney Disease
T2 - A Cross-Sectional Study in Ningbo, China
AU - Huang, Shichun
AU - Yao, Xuejie
AU - Chen, Xueqin
AU - Chen, Xiuli
AU - Li, Yanxia
AU - Kanwar, Yashpal
AU - Chan, Faith Ka Shun
AU - Ye, Ping
AU - Zhan, Ming
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 Huang et al.
PY - 2024
Y1 - 2024
N2 - Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) and low socioeconomic status (SES) may increase the risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MS and CKD and the association between MS, SES, and CKD among adults in Ningbo, a city in Eastern China. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 3212 adults was conducted between July 2019 and February 2021 in Ningbo. MS was defined as the presence of three or more risk factors: elevated blood pressure, reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, elevated plasma glucose, and abdominal obesity. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or the occurrence of albuminuria. SES was stratified according to personal education and income levels. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the relationships among MS, sociodemographic factors, and CKD. Results: The age-and sex-adjusted prevalence of CKD was 9.1% (95% CI: 8.3–10.0), the prevalence of eGFR less than 60 mL/min/ per 1·73 m² was 2.5% (95% CI 2.0–3.0) and that of albuminuria was 7.9% (95% CI 7.0–8.7), and the adjusted prevalence of MS was 23.1% (95% CI 21.7–24.4). MS components, including elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting glucose, abdominal obesity, elevated serum triglyceride, or reduced serum HDL-C, were independent risk factors for CKD, and the adjusted prevalence of CKD proportionally increased with the number of MS-defined parameters. Participants with MS had 2.43-fold increased odds of developing CKD compared with those without MS. In addition, age, female sex, low SES including low educational level and low income were associated with increased odds of occurrence of albuminuria and CKD. Conclusion: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease is high among adults in Ningbo. Metabolic syndrome and low socioeconomic status are associated with the high risk of developing chronic kidney disease.
AB - Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) and low socioeconomic status (SES) may increase the risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MS and CKD and the association between MS, SES, and CKD among adults in Ningbo, a city in Eastern China. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 3212 adults was conducted between July 2019 and February 2021 in Ningbo. MS was defined as the presence of three or more risk factors: elevated blood pressure, reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, elevated plasma glucose, and abdominal obesity. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or the occurrence of albuminuria. SES was stratified according to personal education and income levels. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the relationships among MS, sociodemographic factors, and CKD. Results: The age-and sex-adjusted prevalence of CKD was 9.1% (95% CI: 8.3–10.0), the prevalence of eGFR less than 60 mL/min/ per 1·73 m² was 2.5% (95% CI 2.0–3.0) and that of albuminuria was 7.9% (95% CI 7.0–8.7), and the adjusted prevalence of MS was 23.1% (95% CI 21.7–24.4). MS components, including elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting glucose, abdominal obesity, elevated serum triglyceride, or reduced serum HDL-C, were independent risk factors for CKD, and the adjusted prevalence of CKD proportionally increased with the number of MS-defined parameters. Participants with MS had 2.43-fold increased odds of developing CKD compared with those without MS. In addition, age, female sex, low SES including low educational level and low income were associated with increased odds of occurrence of albuminuria and CKD. Conclusion: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease is high among adults in Ningbo. Metabolic syndrome and low socioeconomic status are associated with the high risk of developing chronic kidney disease.
KW - chronic kidney disease
KW - metabolic syndrome
KW - prevalence
KW - risk factors
KW - socioeconomic status
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85208422070&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.2147/DMSO.S473299
DO - 10.2147/DMSO.S473299
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85208422070
SN - 1178-7007
VL - 17
SP - 3891
EP - 3901
JO - Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy
JF - Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy
ER -
