Abstract
This thesis investigates the feasibility of producing 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) using enzymatic catalysis with Aldo-Keto Reductase (AKR) enzymes. BHMF is an emerging bio-based diol with potential applications in sustainable polymers, resins, and coatings, representing a valuable building block in the valorisation of lignocellulosic biomass. Conventional chemical routes, such as catalytic hydrogenation, typically achieve high yields but require elevated temperature and pressure, precious metal catalysts, and significant energy inputs. By contrast, enzymatic catalysis offers the advantages of mild reaction conditions, high selectivity, and reduced environmental footprint, positioning it as a promising alternative within the framework of green chemistry and circular economy.Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out in both batch and continuous configurations. Screening of multiple AKR enzymes identified EMIN080 as the most effective candidate for BHMF production. Optimised batch reactions conducted under nitrogen protection yielded improved selectivity by mitigating oxidative side reactions. Subsequent trials using a continuous enzymatic membrane reactor (EMR) confirmed the feasibility of enzyme retention and achieved a space–time yield of 0.05 g L-1 h-1. These findings demonstrate proof-of concept for enzymatic BHMF production, while also highlighting current productivity as a critical limitation for industrial application.
A feasibility assessment was conducted to situate the experimental outcomes within the broader context of scale-up in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. The analysis addressed technology readiness, process design options, raw material availability, and environmental, regulatory, and policy considerations. The process was classified at Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 3 4, with validated proof-of-concept but substantial gaps in enzyme stability, cofactor regeneration, and long-term membrane performance. Importantly, the assessment revealed that Zhejiang Province offers favourable conditions for industrial development, including access to biomass feedstocks, the presence of local enzyme suppliers, and strong alignment with China’s national carbon neutrality targets and provincial circular economy initiatives. Overall, this thesis demonstrates both the technical viability and contextual relevance of enzymatic BHMF production, while identifying the critical steps required to progress toward pilot-scale demonstration. The results provide a foundation for further research into process intensification, enzyme engineering, and techno-economic evaluation, thereby contributing to the development of bio-based chemical production pathways.
| Date of Award | 18 Jul 2026 |
|---|---|
| Original language | English |
| Awarding Institution |
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| Supervisor | Jason Li (Supervisor) & Kam Loon Fow (Supervisor) |
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