Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanostructures

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) have been extensively utilized for several applications that include catalysis (artificial enzymes, nanozyme), renewable energy harvesting, solvents detoxification, heavy-metal remediation, biosensors and medical biotechnology such as drug delivery and magnetic resonance imaging. The magnetic susceptibility of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) is the key feature, which enables them to be utilized for these applications. Depending on specific applications, various experimental methods like hydrothermal, sol–gel, co-precipitation, physical (PVD), and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) can be employed for the fabrication of MIONPs of desired properties. This review critically discusses various techniques for the synthesis and characterization of MIONPs, and their key applications in the fields of health, environment, agriculture, energy, and industrial sectors. The review is concluded with suggestions for future research with a view to efficient utilization and technological applications of MIONPs.