Power Routing in Modular Smart Transformers: Active Thermal Control Through Uneven Loading of Cells

Increasing decentralized energy production challenges the distribution grid [1], [2], and, in many countries, power generation and consumption are spatially separated, meaning that energy must be transferred over a long distance [3]. This calls for novel ways to transfer power to the loads without overloading grid feeders and to connect new intelligent loads and storage [4], which typically form the actual electric grid hybrid (ac and dc) and couple with other energy networks (multimodal) [5]. In the current configuration, transformers are passive devices that do not enable dc systems to connect or interface the electric grid with other energy grids.