Novel graphene-based ternary electrode composites for non-enzymatic glucose sensing application

In this work, a ternary composite electrode consisting of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), copper oxide (Cu₂O), and molybdenum oxide (MoO₂) was developed using a feasible and cost-effective hydrothermal method. The rGO/Cu₂O/MoO₂ ternary composite electrodes exhibited superior electrochemical performance compared to individual and binary composite electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry results demonstrated that the prepared composite electrodes could detect glucose concentrations linearly in the range of 0.1 to 0.8 mM, achieving a high sensitivity of 7474.29 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻² and a detection limit of 1.30 μM. Additionally, the composites exhibited good reproducibility, with a Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of 2.75%, and excellent stability, retaining 99% of their performance over time. The outstanding performance of the ternary composites is attributed to the synergistic effects of Cu and Mo metal oxides, along with the high surface area of the rGO sheets, making rGO/Cu₂O/MoO₂ a promising composite material for non-invasive glucose-sensing applications.