Interoperability Challenges in Natural Disaster Management Information Systems

Due to significant losses caused by natural disasters, governments have increasingly implemented emerging technologies for natural disaster management. However, a critical barrier to effective implementation is the lack of system interoperability. This study investigates interoperability challenges in natural disaster management information systems (NDMIS) through an in-depth case study of an integrated system implementation in China. While existing research focuses on single-stage solutions, the challenge of achieving cross-stage interoperability, particularly seamless data sharing and coordinated multi-agency responses, remains underexplored. By analysing 771 minutes of stakeholder interviews and public data, we propose a five-stage development model (negotiation, liquidation, functionalisation, propagation, and upgrading) with horizontal and vertical circulation patterns. Key challenges include semantic, process, and organisational interoperability identified across the preparedness and response stages. This study advances the natural disaster management literature by providing a comprehensive understanding of cross-stage interoperability and actionable guidelines for governments to enhance disaster resilience through integrated system design.