Integrated analysis of building form, orientation and envelope factors on energy efficiency in high-rise offices in hot-humid climates

Purpose – This study investigates the combined influence of building form, orientation, and envelope parameters on the energy performance of high-rise office buildings in hot-humid climates. Unlike prior research that examines these factors in isolation, this work emphasizes their interdependencies and introduces the Form–Orientation Energy Use Compass, a data-driven tool to guide architects in making informed early-stage design decisions. Design/methodology/approach – A comprehensive parametric simulation matrix comprising 51, 840 cases was developed using EnergyPlus and DesignBuilder. About 12 idealized building forms, 16 orientations, nine window-to-wall ratios (WWR), five glazing types, three wall types and two roof types were analyzed. Key metrics include total energy use intensity (EUI), cooling loads, thermal comfort (PPD) and visual glare. Results were synthesized to produce the Form–Orientation Energy Use Compass. Findings – Building form and orientation exert a significant impact on energy performance and comfort. Compact forms, particularly C- and E-shapes with north-facing orientations (0°–15°), achieve the lowest energy intensities – reducing total EUI by 15–20 than elongated or irregular forms. In contrast, Y-shaped buildings exhibit the highest sensitivity to increasing WWR. The resulting compass visualizes these relationships and provides accessible guidance on optimal design configurations. Research limitations/implications – The study is based on simplified geometric prototypes and does not include microclimatic influences, urban shading, or structural constraints. Findings are climate-specific and may not directly generalize to other climatic contexts. Practical implications – By translating a complex dataset into an actionable visual tool, this study supports architects and urban designers in integrating energy-conscious decisions into early design phases before detailed optimization workflows. Social implications – Promoting energy-efficient form and orientation reduces operational energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to sustainable urban growth and improving occupant comfort in dense urban environments. Originality/value – This study uniquely combines multiple interdependent design factors at a large simulation scale, filling a gap in accessible early-stage decision support for high-rise office design in hot-humid climates. The Form–Orientation Energy Use Compass bridges simulation research and practice, enabling evidence-based conceptual design.