From lab to practical: An ammonia-powered fuel cell electric golf cart system

Ammonia (NH₃) is a carbon-free hydrogen (H₂) carrier because it enables liquid-phase H₂ storage and transport under mild conditions. Although the concept of NH₃-to-H₂ has been frequently proposed, the practical application of NH₃ as the energy source for H₂ power automotive systems is rarely reported. In this work, an NH₃-powered fuel cell electric golf cart system was developed and demonstrated as a proof of concept for NH₃-powered fuel cell vehicles. The integration of NH₃ cracker (installed with catalyst), gas purifier, fuel cell, and energy management system formed a successful powertrain that thrusts a golf cart into motion. The catalytic performance of both nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe)-based catalysts were measured, and the optimal catalyst demonstrated a > 99.9 % NH₃ conversion at 600 ℃. The gas purifier was confirmed to be capable of removing the residual NH₃ for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The fuel cell, when powered by the cracked and purified gas mixture, revealed comparable performance and power output as compared with the pre-mixed fuel gas mixture (75 %H₂/25 %N₂), demonstrating the feasibility of the whole system. The integration can successfully power 300 and 600 W fuel cells and continuously charge the energy storage system, offering sufficient energy for a 3kW golf cart for>500 km at 25 km/h. This work is an innovative demonstration of an NH₃-powered fuel cell vehicle system, giving rise to a future reference and inspiration for the practical developments of NH₃-based H₂ fuel applications.