CO₂ 转化技术的环境和经济效益评价及未来发展趋势

In 2022, global CO₂ emissions reached 36.07 Gt, but only 230 Mt of CO₂ were captured and utilized, accounting for just 0.64% of the total emissions. To achieve the ambitious goal of carbon neutrality by 2060, CO₂ emissions must be reduced to 5 Gt, with CO₂ utilization reaching a total of 1.2 Gt, representing a utilization rate of 24%. This highlights the urgent need to enhance CO₂ utilization. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology is considered one of the most promising solutions for mitigating CO₂ emissions in addressing the urgent global challenges posed by climate change. The transformation of captured CO₂ into value-added industrial products (CCU) through various chemical, biological, and electrochemical processes has been a core focus of both academic and industrial research. Despite the focus on CCU, the precise contribution of various conversion technologies to reducing CO₂ emissions remains unclear. To address this issue, this paper systematically reviews the developmental landscape of CO₂ conversion technologies over recent decades, with a particular focus on three representative CO₂ conversion pathways and their resulting products. Through a comprehensive analysis, the paper conducts a comparative assessment of the environmental impacts and technical economics associated with distinct technology pathways and products. The discussion further explores the potential applications of these conversion technologies and their capacity to achieve negative carbon emissions. Crucially, the research highlights the substantial potential for achieving negative carbon emissions, thereby playing a pivotal role in the overall reduction of CO₂ emissions. In conclusion, this paper not only provides insights into the current state of CO₂ conversion technologies but also emphasizes the crucial role of carbonation and polymerization products in achieving significant reductions in carbon emissions.