Carbon nanostructure derived from tea spent waste and its dosage dependent application on elevated bacterial hydrolytic enzymes production and thermostability

The management of solid waste and the energy crisis are global problems, yet biotransformations of these wastes seem promising and realistically feasible for a variety of profitable industrial applications. The type of synthesis and cost of the catalyst play crucial roles in diverse cellulosic biomass transformation via alteration in enzyme stability through nanocatalysts, due to which the bioconversion efficiency of the enzymes can be enhanced. The present study has been directed towards the facile and sustainable fabrication of activated carbon based nanocatalyst derived from hugely available and cellulose-rich tea spent waste. The characterization of the newly fabricated nanocatalyst has been done via different techniques such as X-ray diffraction patterns, X-ray photo electron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscope to probe the physicochemical properties. Thereafter, the dose-dependent impact of newly synthesized nanocatalyst has been investigated for improving the production of bacterial hydrolytic enzyme over a time period of 8–72 h. At a 10 mg dose of nanocatalyst, 27.2 U/mL activity could be recorded in 16 h, which was ∼31.40% higher at the same time compared to the control. Further, based on the optimum dose of nanocatalyst recorded in enzyme production, the thermal stability of bacterial hydrolytic enzymes under the influence of nanocatalyst has also been investigated at varying temperatures 32–40^◦C. The results showed that nanocatalyst improved the thermal stability of enzyme and reflected its 100% stability for 2 h, followed by half-life stability up to 12 h at 10 mg as an optimum concentration of activated carbon analyzed at 40◦C. The proposed approach may have potential applications in a variety of biomass conversions for value additions from solid wastes.