An Overview of Green Propellants and Propulsion System Applications: Merits and Demerits

Embarking on the space exploration demands propulsion systems that not only push the boundaries of efficiency but also align with the principles of environmental concerns, this chapter offers a comprehensive discussion of their merits and demerits. From the eco-friendly promises of hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN) and ammonium dinitramide (ADN) to the potential drawbacks of inherent defects and costly raw materials, this chapter navigates the intricate landscape of propellant technologies. The chapter unfolds with a spotlight on the merits of green propellants, emphasizing their role in reducing pollution and enhancing operational safety. The advantages of non-toxic, safe, and environmentally friendly propellants are the focus of this chapter, promising a paradigm shift in propellant technologies. Yet, challenges such as inherent defects, expensive raw materials, and the quest for higher energy performance present challenges that demand innovative solutions. The contrast between green chemical propulsion and non-chemical propulsion systems becomes apparent as the discussion widens to the propulsion systems. Despite their maturity, solid propulsion systems grapple with limitations in control and safety. In contrast, the promise of electric, solar, and nuclear systems remains on the horizon, with technical issues remaining unsolved. The chapter concludes with a call to action for the future of space propulsion technology.