A survey of multi-modal urban transportation network resilience: modeling, evaluation, and optimization

The multi-modal urban transportation network serves as a cornerstone in fostering urban economic vitality and facilitating daily human travel. However, its vulnerability to emergencies, including natural disasters, infrastructure breakdowns, and terrorist attacks, will cause severe disruptions, resulting in profound societal and economic losses. A resilient urban transportation system thus becomes critical for maintaining city-wide and societal stability. This paper initiates a thorough investigation within the framework of “network modeling − resilience evaluation − resilience optimization”, with particular attention to emerging modes such as shared mobility and urban air mobility. This review is structured around three dimensions: 1) Transportation network modeling, which provides a comprehensive survey of methods for mono-modal and multi-modal urban transportation network in constructing network models and analyzing network topological properties through the lens of the complex network theory; 2) Network resilience and evaluation, which summarizes the definitions and evaluation methods of transportation network resilience, with particular emphasis on the unique aspects and evaluation complexities specific to multi-modal networks; 3) Resilience optimization, which synthesizes strategies for resilience optimization considering network structure, facility maintenance, and system operation. It underscores the benefits of cooperative operation within multi-modal transportation systems on resilience optimization. In each section, the paper provides a comparative analysis of mono-modal versus multi-modal transportation networks across these three dimensions and critiques the advantages and disadvantages of existing approaches. The challenges inherent in current research and potential future research directions are also identified to strengthen the resilience of multi-modal urban transportation networks against a backdrop of increasing urban challenges.